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激光測距傳感器程序設計,從理論到實踐

  • 時間:2024-07-17 03:53:32
  • 點擊:0

在本(ben)文中,我(wo)們(men)將深入探討(tao)激光測距傳感(gan)器(qi)程(cheng)(cheng)序設(she)計的原理(li)和實(shi)施過程(cheng)(cheng)。我(wo)們(men)將從基本(ben)概念開始,逐步引導您了解如何使(shi)用(yong)編程(cheng)(cheng)語言(如Python)來實(shi)現這個項目,并通過實(shi)際示(shi)(shi)例展示(shi)(shi)其工作原理(li)。讓我(wo)們(men)一起探索激光測距技術如何改(gai)變(bian)我(wo)們(men)的生活(huo)方(fang)式(shi),以及(ji)如何利用(yong)編程(cheng)(cheng)技能將其應用(yong)于各種場景(jing)。

## 一(yi)、激(ji)光測距(ju)傳感器概述

激(ji)光測距傳感(gan)器是一種利(li)用(yong)(yong)激(ji)光脈沖進(jin)行測量(liang)的裝置。它可以測量(liang)目標物體(ti)與(yu)傳感(gan)器之(zhi)間的距離(li),通常(chang)用(yong)(yong)于測量(liang)墻壁(bi)高(gao)度(du)、障礙物距離(li)或(huo)者精確(que)定位等應用(yong)(yong)場景。本(ben)節將介紹(shao)激(ji)光測距傳感(gan)器的基(ji)本(ben)工作原理和(he)組成部分。

### 1.1 激(ji)光測距原理

激(ji)(ji)光(guang)測距(ju)(ju)系(xi)統的核心(xin)部分(fen)是激(ji)(ji)光(guang)發射器(qi)和(he)接(jie)收(shou)器(qi)。激(ji)(ji)光(guang)發射器(qi)發出(chu)一束短脈沖激(ji)(ji)光(guang),當(dang)這束激(ji)(ji)光(guang)遇到(dao)目標物體時,一部分(fen)光(guang)線會被(bei)吸收(shou),另(ling)一部分(fen)光(guang)線則會反(fan)射回(hui)來。接(jie)收(shou)器(qi)接(jie)收(shou)反(fan)射回(hui)來的光(guang)線,通過計算(suan)光(guang)線往返(fan)時間(τ),我們可以得到(dao)目標物體與傳(chuan)感器(qi)之間的距(ju)(ju)離d。

根據激光速遷(qian)率公式:

Δt = √((L_s / L_r) * (R_max^2 - R_min^2)) + Δt_b

Δt為(wei)光(guang)(guang)程差(即光(guang)(guang)線(xian)往返時間),L_s為(wei)激光(guang)(guang)束路徑長(chang)度(du),L_r為(wei)參考光(guang)(guang)源的波長(chang),R_max為(wei)目標(biao)(biao)物(wu)體的最大(da)反射(she)率處的距離,R_min為(wei)目標(biao)(biao)物(wu)體的最小反射(she)率處的距離,Δt_b是(shi)考慮大(da)氣折射(she)效應引起(qi)的誤差所需(xu)的附加時間。

通過(guo)測(ce)量Δt,我(wo)們可以計算(suan)出(chu)目標物體與傳感器之間的距離d。需要注意的是,為了(le)確(que)保測(ce)量精度(du),我(wo)們需要避免環境(jing)光對激光測(ce)距的影響。

## 二、使用Python實現激(ji)光測距程序設計

在本節中,我(wo)(wo)們(men)將(jiang)介紹(shao)如何使(shi)(shi)用Python編(bian)(bian)程(cheng)語言編(bian)(bian)寫一(yi)個簡(jian)單的激光(guang)測距(ju)程(cheng)序。我(wo)(wo)們(men)將(jiang)使(shi)(shi)用`pulseio`庫來(lai)控制(zhi)樹莓派上的舵機模(mo)塊(kuai),以模(mo)擬激光(guang)發射器的工作原(yuan)理;同時,我(wo)(wo)們(men)將(jiang)使(shi)(shi)用`sensor`庫來(lai)讀取超聲波模(mo)塊(kuai)的數據,以獲取目標物體與傳感器之間的距(ju)離。

### 2.1 安裝所需庫(ku)

我們需要安(an)裝`pulseio`和`sensor`庫:

```bash

pip install pulseio sensor

```

### 2.2 編寫激光發射器代碼(ma)

我們編寫(xie)一個簡單的(de)(de)Python程序,用于控(kong)制樹(shu)莓派(pai)上的(de)(de)舵(duo)機模塊模擬激光發射器:

```python

from machine import Pin, PWM

import time

# 定義舵機引腳和頻率(Hz)

servo_pin = Pin(18, Pin.OUT)

servo_freq = 50

pwm = PWM(servo_pin, freq=servo_freq)

# 設置舵機的初始(shi)位置(角度)

servo_angle = 90

pwm.duty(servo_angle)

time.sleep(2)

pwm.deinit()

```

### 2.3 編寫超聲波測距代碼

我們編寫一個簡單的(de)Python程序,用于讀取樹莓派(pai)上的(de)超聲波模塊數據:

```python

from machine import I2C, Pin, Timer

import time

import math

import numpy as np

from pulseio import PulseOut

import sensor as S

from umqtt.simple import MQTTClient as mqttclient

import json as jsonmod # For Python3 compatibility. Use 'json' module for Python2.x support.

from struct import pack, unpack # For python3 compatibility (struct is not available in python2.x) use "struct" for python2.x support. from sys import getsizeof as sizeof from binascii import crc32 from zlib import adler32 from hashlib import sha1 from os import urandom from random import choice from string import hexdigits from itertools import count from collections import deque from re import compile try: lambdas = True except NameError: lambdas = False if not lambdas: print("Sorry your version of python isn't supported by this script") exit() else: pass # End of check for Python version # Import required libraries # Define variables and constants  # End of import statements # Define functions and classes  # End of function and class definitions # Main program if __name__ == '__main__': print("Starting Ultrasonic Sensor Test") i2c = I2C(scl=Pin(5), sda=Pin(4)) adc = Adc(i2c) t = Timer() test_value = adc.read() while True: test_value = adc.read() start_time = time.time() end_time = time.time() elapsed_time = end_time - start_time distance = calculate_distance() print("Distance:", distance, "cm") time.sleep(1) # Uncomment the following lines to save data to file testdata["timestamp"] = [start_time] testdata["distance"] = [distance] with open('testdata.txt', 'w') as f: jsonmod.dump(testdata, f) testdata["timestamp"] = [] testdata["distance"] = [] # Uncomment the following lines to update UI on screen testlabel["text"] = "Distance: {} cm".format(distance) # Uncomment the following lines to send data to server client.publish("ultrasonic",json.dumps({"timestamp":start_time,"distance":distance}))

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